栎林凋落层土壤动物群落结构及其在凋落物分解中的变化

2002年4月～2002年10月,采用凋落袋法(5、1、1/300 mm)对北京九龙山栎树(Quercus liaotungensis)纯林和混交林(辽东栎∶油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)=2∶ 1)凋落层土壤动物群落特征及在凋落叶分解过程中动态变化进行研究.在两种林型98只分解袋中,共采集到土壤动物3 564只,隶属3门10纲19目,其中膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、啮虫目(Psocoptera)、双翅目(Diptera)、弹尾目(Collembola)和蜱螨目(Acariformes)为优势类群.土壤动物以杂食性为主.混交林中小型土壤动物个体数量和类群数均大于栎树纯林,而大型土壤动物个体数量类群数均低于栎树纯林,两种林型土壤动物类群数和个体数在α=0.05差异不显著.3种凋落物袋中,栎树纯林土壤动物总类群数和个体总数均为1 mm＞5 mm＞1/300 mm;混交林土壤动物个体数1 mm＞5 mm＞1/300 mm,类群数则5 mm＞1 mm＞1/300 mm,并在8或9月达最大值.土壤动物多样性指数随时间推移呈增长趋势,土壤动物群落异质性较高.土壤动物优势类群与凋落物分解残存量之间的相关性不显著(rs<0.786, p>0.05).蜱螨目在栎树纯林凋落物中集聚的时间最长,啮虫目集聚的时间最短,分别为10.33和8.53个月;膜翅目在栎树混交林凋落物中集聚的时间最长,双翅目集聚的时间最短,分别为9.95和8.13个月.     

Long-term changes in forest floor processes in southern Appalachian forests

Soil nutrient concentrations decreased in an aggrading southern Appalachian forest over a 20-year period. Construction of nutrient budgets showed significant nutrient sequestration aboveground including increased forest floor mass. We hypothesized that the changes in forest floor mass resulted from decreased litter decomposition rates because of decreased litter quality. In 1992 and 1993, we repeated a litter decomposition experiment conducted in 1969 and 1970 to test this hypothesis. In addition, we examined microarthropod populations and functional groups as litter decomposed. For four of the five species tested, first-year decomposition rates were about the same in both experiments. Initial litter nutrient concentrations of P were lower in all tree species in the most recent sampling. N, Ca, and Mg concentrations also declined in some species. These declines often resulted in decreased nutrient release rates during decomposition. Microarthropod populations differed significantly among litter species, as well as between years (probably resulting from differences in growing-season rainfall). For some litter species we found significant relationships between microarthropod populations and nutrient concentration (primarily C and N); however, most r²-values were low. Data suggest that changes in forest floor mass probably resulted from decreased litter quality and that those changes may have an effect on microarthropod populations.     

Carbon and nitrogen dynamics under windrowed residues during the establishment phase of a second-rotation hoop pine plantation in subtropical Australia

The dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), derived from the decomposition of windrowed harvest residues, was examined in the establishment phase of a second rotation (2R) hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A. Cunn) plantation in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Following harvesting and site preparation, when residues were formed into windrows, in situ N mineralisation was measured in positions along the three tree-planting rows formed between the windrows. The position above the windrow had a higher nitrification rate than the other positions, averaging about 18 kg N ha⁻¹/month compared with 12 and 9 Kg N ha⁻¹ for the positions between and below the windrow positions, respectively. This position also had consistently greater soil moisture.

Macroplots were formed extending 5 m above and 10 m below a windrow. Windrowed residues within the macroplots were replaced by ¹⁵N-labelled material comprising hoop pine foliage, branch and stem. Hoop pine trees were planted within each macroplot with foliar samples taken at 12 and 24 months. Differences in foliar ¹⁵N enrichment between positions within macroplots were <1‰. Soil samples were taken from positions along the macroplots at 6-monthly intervals. Samples revealed an initial release of labile C and N but soil δ¹⁵N showed that residue-derived N was largely immobilised within the windrows for the 30-month sampling period. Whilst the use of windrows may act as a barrier to the down-slope movement of water, the residue N within the windrows may not be available to the trees of the following rotation for a considerable period following planting. Trees closest to the windrows may be able to introduce roots under the windrows thereby gaining access to the available N, but trees in the central tree planting row are unlikely to derive any significant benefit from the decomposition of windrowed residues.     

Leaf-litter decomposition of 15 tree species in a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak: decomposition rates and initial litter chemistry

In a lowland tropical rain forest in Sarawak, leaf-litter decomposition and the initial litter chemistry of 15 tree species were studied. During 13 months of field experiment, weight loss of litter samples was between 44% and 91%, and calculated decomposition rate constants (k) ranged from 0.38 to 2.36 year⁻¹. The initial litter chemistry also varied widely (coefficients of variation: 19%–74%) and showed low N and P concentrations and high acid-insoluble residue (AIS) concentration. For nutrient-related litter chemistry, correlations with the decomposition rate were significant only for P concentration, C/P ratio, and AIS/P ratio (r _s = 0.59, −0.62, and −0.68, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). For organic constituents, correlations were significant for concentrations of AIS and total carbohydrates, and AIS/acid-soluble carbohydrate ratio (r _s = −0.81, 0.51, and −0.76, n = 15, P < 0.05, respectively). These results suggested that the relatively slow mean rate of decomposition (k = 1.10) was presumably due to the low litter quality (low P concentration and high AIS concentration), and that P might influence the decomposition rate; but organic constituents, especially the concentration of AIS, were more important components of initial litter chemistry than nutrient concentrations.     

疏水改性羧甲基纤维素及其在废纸脱墨中的应用

以DMAc为溶剂,三乙胺为缚酸剂,十二酰氯为反应试剂,对羧甲基纤维素进行疏水改性,制备表面活性剂十二烷基酯化的羧甲基纤维素(CMC-R)。羧甲基纤维素与十二酰氯的质量比为1∶0.4,反应最佳温度为60℃,时间5 h。将合成的纤维素基表面活性剂CMC-R应用于旧新闻纸(ONP)脱墨,结果表明,单独使用CMC-R能提高废纸浆白度2.2%(ISO),纸浆的残余油墨量减少457.66 mm2/m2,减少了29.4%。而CMC-R与非离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(JFC)复配后,白度较CMC-R单独使用提高2.13%(ISO),残余油墨量减少3.18%。     

基于亚像元分解与增强的MODIS卫星林火监测图像制作

为提高低空间分辨率遥感影像在卫星林火监测部门的应用质量,获取更准确的火灾信息,制作可视效果更好、便于基层部门使用的卫星林火监测图像。本研究以2013年2月6日云南省大理市黄家村森林火灾为背景,研究了一种基于亚像元分解与增强技术的卫星林火监测图像制作技术。结果表明,通过亚像元分解与增强技术,对空间分辨率低的气象卫星遥感图像进行处理,可得到空间分辨率为30 m的图像产品,能够将低分辨率遥感影像处理成超分辨率的遥感影像图像。该技术可应用于林火监测部门发布相关的监测图像。     

纤维素替代淀粉对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

【目的】 探究纤维素替代淀粉对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响,为纤维素替代淀粉在香肠中的运用提供一定的理论依据。【方法】 以添加不同比例的淀粉/纤维素-肌原纤维蛋白为模拟体系,研究复合凝胶的持水性、色差、质构特性以及断裂形变时的应力应变,分析动态升温流变特性、蠕变回复特性,观察淀粉/纤维素-肌原纤维蛋白的空间分布和三维网络结构。【结果】 增加淀粉和纤维素的添加比例,可以改善复合凝胶的持水性和储能模量。淀粉和纤维素添加比例分别从0增加到2.0%时,硬度、咀嚼度逐渐增加到最大值,与对照组相比,硬度分别提高29.47%和43.69%,咀嚼度分别提高34.82%和41.58%,L*、白度有减小的趋势。复合凝胶断裂形变时应力应变结果表明,添加2.0%纤维素时的应力（9 681.86 Pa）为最大值,应变（1.14）为最小值。复合凝胶的蠕变模量值随着淀粉和纤维素添加比例增加而逐步减小,相同添加比例条件下纤维素组复合凝胶的蠕变模量值减小更明显。石蜡切片显示,淀粉和纤维素只是简单地镶嵌在凝胶网络结构中,并没有与蛋白发生交联,其中纤维素在肌原纤维蛋白凝胶体系中形成的不规则区域更大。微观结构显示,对照组表面粗糙,空洞较多;添加淀粉和纤维素后,复合凝胶变得均匀致密,空洞减少;相同添加比例条件下,纤维素组的蛋白网络结构具有更好的均匀性和致密性。【结论】 淀粉和纤维素添加到肌原纤维蛋白中,两者都可以改善复合凝胶的持水性、色差、质构特性、断裂形变时应力应变、流变特性以及微观结构,但是纤维素对复合凝胶的改善效果更显著。因此,纤维素作为淀粉替代物在凝胶类香肠中的应用具有可行性。     

间伐对杉木凋落物分解中生态化学计量的影响

以福建杉木人工林为研究对象,采用不同间伐强度(23%、32%、不间伐),研究间伐后不同密度样地内凋落物分解过程中的C、N、P含量及其化学计量比特征的影响。结果表明:(1)各处理叶和枝的C、N、P含量在整个分解过程中均以下降-上升的波动下降;凋落物分解1 a后,3种处理叶和枝的N、P含量以D2(弱度间伐)处理最低,叶C含量D2处理最低,枝C含量D1(强度间伐)处理最低,且D1和D2处理的叶C和叶N含量显著低于对照CK(P<0.05),D1处理的枝C含量显著低于D2和CK处理(P<0.05),3种处理的枝N含量有显著差异(P<0.05);(2)凋落物分解1 a后,2种间伐密度处理的叶和枝C︰N与对照处理CK有显著差异(P<0.05),3种处理之间叶和枝的C︰P、N︰P无显著差异(P>0.05);(3)叶C与叶N、叶C︰N,叶N与叶P均呈显著正相关,叶C与叶P呈极显著正相关;叶C︰N与叶N︰P呈显著负相关;枝C与枝P,枝N与枝N︰P呈显著正相关;枝C︰N与枝N︰P呈显著负相关;枝N与枝C︰N,枝P与枝C︰P呈极显著负相关。弱度间伐在分解240 d显著增加了枝C︰N和枝C︰P,在分解360 d时显著降低了叶C︰N,增加了枝C︰N;在整个分解过程中,弱度间伐处理对N︰P无显著影响。强度间伐在凋落物分解60 d显著降低了枝C︰N、枝C︰P和枝N︰P,在分解300 d显著降低了叶C︰P,在360 d显著降低了枝C︰N;在整个分解过程中,强度间伐对叶N︰P无显著影响。     

基于混合像元分解的香格里拉市高山松空间分布变化研究

利用香格里拉市1997-2017年每5 a的Landsat遥感影像、2018年外业调查数据、森林资源二类调查数据和DEM数据为数据源,以高山松为对象,综合运用混合像元分解技术、决策树分类和GIS技术对其空间分布变化进行分析。结果表明,1）分类中,高山松归一化多分量指数阈值为0.333,云南松归一化多分量指数阈值为0.208;云冷杉归一化多分量指数阈值为0.362。2）各年分类结果总体精度分别为69.42%、76.73%、81.07%、78.90%和76.53%。3）香格里拉市高山松覆盖面积2002年比1997年减少了13.40%,2007年比2002年减少了2.47%,2012年比2007增加了8.96%,2017年比2012年增加了4.06%,呈现出先减少后增加的趋势。4）研究区内高山松主要分布在海拔高度2 800~3 800 m,1 800~2 800 m高山松面积总体呈现为轻微下降趋势;2 800~3 300 m海拔区间1997-2007年呈现下降趋势,2007-2017年呈现上升趋势,3 300~3 800 m区间内1997-2002年高山松面积呈现下降趋势,2002-2017年高山松面积逐年上升,3 800~4 800 m区间内1997-2017年高山松面积逐年下降。利用混合像元分解构建归一化多分量指数结合决策树分类对树种分类具有一定的参考价值,高山松时空变化结果对森林资源管理和后续研究可提供科学数据支撑。     

基于时序PolSAR影像与决策树模型的油菜物候期识别

作物物候期识别是农情遥感监测的重要内容,及时准确识别作物物候期,对有效评估作物生长趋势、提高农情信息化管理水平有重要意义。提出了基于时间序列全极化合成孔径雷达(polarimetric synthetic aperture radar, PolSAR)数据结合决策树模型的油菜物候期识别方法。首先,采用3种极化分解方法提取PolSAR极化参数,并分析各极化参数对油菜物候期的动态响应规律;其次,基于各极化分解方法提取的参数建立决策树模型,并对油菜物候期进行分类识别;最后,采用基于混淆矩阵的方法对油菜物候期识别结果进行精度评价。采用5期Radarsat-2 PolSAR数据和地面物候观测数据进行实验验证。结果表明:提取的PolSAR参数中对物候期变化较为敏感的参数有H/A/alpha分解中的散射角(Alpha)、特征值(L2、L3)、伪熵(P2)、目标方位角(Beta1)参数,Freeman-Durden分解中的地面散射(Ground)和奇次散射(Odd)参数,Yamaguchi分解中的奇次散射(Odd_Y)和螺旋体散射(Helix)参数;决策树模型对油菜物候期识别结果较为准确,识别结果中组合3种极化分解方法提取参数建立的原始决策树模型分类总体精度最高,达94%。总体上,PolSAR极化分解参数对油菜物候期变化比较敏感,决策树模型能有效识别油菜物候期。